1. ...cried the tour guide, trotting along in front of the group.
= the tour guide cried and trotted...
2. He caught her cheating in the examination.
= He caught her who cheated (or was cheating)...
他逮到她在考試時作弊。
3. That might lead to his being put into a hospital.
那可能會導致他被送到醫院去。
lead to 需加受詞/名詞，這裏要用動名詞 - 又要被動，就變成 his being put into...
4. Yes , I have not been smoking for two months."
是的(我已經戒菸) - 我已經兩個月都沒有抽煙了。
for two months 需要使用現在完成式，或現在完成進行式
5. Had you asked me, I would have gotten you one.
和過去事實相反的假設 If you had asked me = Had you asked me
如果你有要求，我就會帶一個給你。
事實：你沒有要求；我也沒有帶蛋糕給你。
6. hardly ever has he been so generous before.
他以往幾乎從沒有這麼慷慨過。
Hardly 在句首，後面必須要倒裝。這裏是在講過去到現在的情況比較，需要使用現在完成式。
另外有些字詞在句首，後面的句子也必須倒裝。譬如：
Never has my mother been so funny.
Not until he came home did he learn that his dad had fallen sick.
